Climate Changes during the Holocene and their Impact on Hydrological Systems

Libro de Arie S. Issar (2003)

Contenido:

1 Climate changes in the Levant during the Late Quaternary Period
1.1 Contemporary climate
1.2 The climate during the Late Pleistocene
1.3 Climate changes during the Holocene in the Levant
1.4 Correlation between climate changes and historical events in the Levant
1.4.1 The Neolithic period, c. 10ka to c. 7 ka BP
1.4.1.a The Lower Neolithic period, c. 10 ka to 8 ka BP (Pre-pottery Neolithic)
1.4.1.b The Middle and Upper Neolithic period, c. 8 ka to c. 7 ka BP (Pottery Neolithic)
1.4.2 The Chalcolithic period, c. 7 ka to c. 5 ka BP
1.4.3 The Early Bronze Age c. 5 ka to c. 4 ka BP
1.4.4 The Middle Bronze Age c. 4 ka to 3.5 ka BP
1.4.5 The Late Bronze Age and Iron Age, 3.5 ka to 2.6 ka BP
1.4.6 The Roman–Byzantine period (2.3/2.2 ka to 1.3 ka BP), including the Roman–Byzantine transition period (1.7 ka to 1.6 ka BP)
1.4.7 The Moslem–Arab period, c. 1.3 ka to 1.0 ka BP
1.4.8 The Crusader period and Little Ice Age, 1.0 ka to 0.4 ka BP
1.4.9 The Moslem–Ottoman period, 0.4 ka to 0.1 ka BP
1.4.10 The Industrial period, 0.1 ka BP to the present

2 Climate changes during the Holocene Epoch in Europe
2.1 Climate
2.1.1 Contemporary climate
2.1.2 The Pleistocene–Holocene transition period
2.2 The Mediterranean region
2.2.1 The Balkan peninsula
2.2.2 The Italian peninsula and the French Mediterranean coast
2.2.2.a The island of Malta
2.2.3 The Iberian peninsula
2.2.3.a Contemporary climate
2.2.3.b Paleo-geomorphology
2.2.3.c Palynological time series
2.2.3.d Regional correlation
2.3 The Alps
2.4 Western and northwestern Europe
2.4.1 The Netherlands
2.4.1.a Contemporary climate
2.4.1.b Climate changes during the Upper Pleistocene
2.4.1.c Climate changes during the Holocene
2.4.2 The British Isles
2.4.3 Scandinavia and the northern Atlantic
2.4.3.a Scandinavia
2.4.3.b The northern Atlantic
2.4.3.c Greenland
2.5 Central and eastern Europe
2.5.1 Poland
2.5.2 The Caspian Sea

3 Climate changes during the Holocene in east Asia (China, Korea and Japan)
3.1 China
3.1.1 Contemporary climate
3.1.2 Climate changes during the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene transition period
3.1.2.a The loess plateau
3.1.2.b The Tibetan plateau and western China
3.1.2.c Eastern China
3.1.3 Climate changes during the Holocene
3.1.3.a The loess plateau
3.1.3.b The Tibetan plateau and western China
3.1.3.c Central and eastern China
3.1.4 Korea
3.1.5 Conclusions
3.2 Japan
3.2.1 Contemporary climate
3.2.2 The climate of Japan during the Last Glacial and Post Glacial Periods
3.2.3 Climate during the Holocene
3.2.3.a Palynological time series
3.2.3.b Geomorphological observations
3.2.3.c General conclusions

4 Climate changes during the Holocene in Africa
4.1 Egypt
4.1.1 Contemporary climate and hydrological regime of the Nile
4.1.2 Climate during the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene
4.2 The Sahara and the Sahel belt
4.2.1 Contemporary climate
4.2.2 Climate during the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene
4.2.3 Lakes of eastern Africa
4.3 Tropical Africa
4.3.1 Climatic changes during the Upper Pleistocene and the Holocene
4.3.1.a Tropical east Africa
4.3.1.b Tropical west Africa
4.4 South Africa
4.4.1 Contemporary climate
4.4.2 Climate conditions during the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene

5 Climate changes over western USA and Mexico during the Holocene
5.1 Southwestern USA
5.1.1 Contemporary climate
5.1.2 Climate changes during the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene
5.2 Central USA and Canada
5.3 Mexico
5.3.1 Contemporary climate
5.3.2 Climate changes during the Holocene

6 General conclusions
6.1 Climate changes during the Holocene: global correlation
6.2 The cause of the climate changes during the Holocene