The Bioarchaeology of Inca Imperialism in the Heartland: An Analysis of Prehistoric Burials from the Cuzco Region of Peru

Tesis de doctorado de Valerie Anne Andrushko (2007)

Contents

Chapter 1. Introduction

The Bioarchaeological Approach
The Present Study
Structure of the Dissertation

Chapter 2. Ecological and Archaeological Background of the Cuzco Region

Environment and Ecology of the Cuzco Region
Andean Chronology
The Inca Empire
Archaeology of the Cuzco Region
Pre-Ceramic Period (9000 to 1800 BC)
Initial Period/Early Horizon/Early Intermediate Period (1800 BC to AD 700)
Middle Horizon (AD 700 - 1000)
Late Intermediate Period (AD 1000-1400)
Inca Imperial Period/Late Horizon (AD 1400-1532)
Osteological Studies in the Cuzco Region

Chapter 3. The Bioarchaeology of Inca Imperialism: Theoretical Considerations and Hypotheses

Empires - Theoretical Considerations
Biological Consequences of Empires
Skeletal Indications of Imperial Consequences
Health and Disease
Trauma
Ethnic Identity and Migration
Cranial Vault Modification
Bone Chemistry
Research Questions and Hypotheses

Chapter 4. Materials and Methods

The Sample
Accumulation of Study Sample- Research Design
Sampling Strategy
Sampling Challenges
Site Description- Core Sites
Site Description- Peripheral Sites
Methods of Data Collection
Age Assessment
Sex Determination
Analysis of Health Indicators
Trauma
Analysis of Commingled Remains
Cultural Modification
Strontium Isotope Analysis

Chapter 5. Demography

Paleodemographic Analysis
Limits to Demographic Interpretation
Results of Demographic Analysis
Sex Distribution
Age Distribution
Discussion
Implications of Differential Age Distributions
Implications of Differential Sex Distributions
Case Study: Sacsahuaman
Conclusions

Chapter 6. Health, Occupational Stress, and Trauma

Non-Specific Stress Indicators
Linear Enamel Hypoplasias
Cranial Porosities
Osteoperiostitis
Stunted Femoral Growth
Discussion of Non-Specific Stress Indicators
Joint Disease
Appendicular Joint Disease
Spinal Joint Disease
Discussion of Joint Disease
Trauma
Cranial Trauma
Postcranial Trauma
Discussion of Trauma
Conclusion

Chapter 7. Trepanation in the Cuzco Region

Introduction
Previous Trepanation Analyses in the Cuzco Region
Results
Shape, Size, and Location
Trepanation Methods
Healing, Infection, and Trauma
Demography
Geographic and Temporal Distributions
Discussion
Trepanation and Medical Treatment in Prehistoric Cuzco
Motivations for Trepanation
Conclusion

Chapter 8. Chokepukio Strontium Isotope Analysis

Strontium Isotope Analysis in the Andes
Results
Possible Influence of Food Importation and Preparation
Discussion
Implications of Pre-Late Horizon Results
State-Directed Migration in the Late Horizon
Sex Differences among Chokepukio Migrants
Conclusions

Chapter 9. Cranial Vault Modification

Cranial Vault Modification in the Andes
Results
Discussion
Conclusion

Chapter 10. Summary and Conclusion

Summary of Results
Demography
Health, Trauma, and Occupational Stress
Trepanation
Strontium Isotope Analysis
Cranial Modification
Research Hypotheses and Results

Actas XVII Congreso de Arqueología Argentina

Arqueología Argentina en el Bicentenario de la Revolucón de Mayo

Editado por J. R. Bárcena y H. Chiavazza (2010)

En esta oportunidad les dejo los 5 tomos de los trabajos que fueron presentados en el XVII Congreso de Arqueología Argentina, que se llvo a cabo en la ciudad de Mendoza entre los días 11 y 15 de Octubre de 2010

Tomo I Tomo II Tomo III Tomo IV Tomo V

DOMINATION AND RESISTANCE

Libro editado por Daniel Miller, Michael Rowlands y Christopher Tilley (1989)

Contenido:

Introduction
Daniel Miller, Michael Rowlands and Christopher Tilley

Approaches to the study of domination and resistance
Structure of the book
Domination and resistance
Political economy and ideology: historical transformations
European expansion, colonialism and resistance
References

DOMINATION AND RESISTANCE

1 A question of complexity
Michael Rowlands

The cosmological origins of complexity
Complexity as historical narrative
Complexity as a master discourse
Simple and complex in creative contradiction
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References

2 Discourse and power: the genre of the Cambridge inaugural lecture
Christopher Tilley

Discourse
The Cambridge inaugural lecture
Acknowledgements
References

3 The limits of dominance
Daniel Miller

Introduction
Theories of dominance
Dominance and inversion
The multifactorial nature of dominance
Dominance and legitimacy
How pervasive is hegemony?
Conclusion: archaeology and limits of dominance
References

POLITICAL ECONOMY AND IDEOLOGY: HISTORICAL
TRANSFORMATIONS

4 The roots of inequality
Barbara Bender

Farming as a precondition
‘Natural’ divisions in gatherer-hunter societies
An example from the Upper Palaeolithic of south-west France
Conclusions
Notes
References

5 Towards a theory of social evolution: on state systems and ideological shells
J.A.Hall

Introduction
‘Bureaucracy [in pre-industrial conditions] kills capitalism’ Trahison des clercs
The organic state in the state system
Reflections
References

6 The imperial form and universal history: some reflections on relativism and generalization
John Gledhill

State forms and the divergence of occidental history
Culture and ideology in the evolution of the New World empires
‘Political economies’ and class formation
Conclusions: imperial states in universal history
References

7 Factional competition in complex society
Elizabeth M.Brumfiel

Factionalism in complex society
Identifying factionalism in the archaeological record
References

8 Sensuous human activity and the state: towards an archaeology of bread and circuses
Susan Kus

Notes
References

9 Anurādhapura: ritual, power and resistance in a precolonial
South Asian city
R.A.L.H.Gunawardana

References

10 Monastery plan and social formation: the spatial organization of the Buddhist monastery complexes of the Early and Middle Historical period in Sri Lanka and changing patterns of
political power
Senake Bandaranayake

11 A Buddhist monastic complex of the medieval period in Sri Lanka
P.L.Prematilleke

References 210

12 Value, ranking and consumption in the European Bronze Age
Kristian Kristiansen

The social aspects of consumption
The ideological context of value and ranking
Conclusion
Reference

13 Marxist perspectives on social organization in the central European Early Bronze Age
Simon Mays

Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion
Summary
References

EUROPEAN EXPANSION, COLONIALISM AND RESISTANCE

14 Orientalism and Near Eastern archaeology
Mogens Trolle Larsen

Notes
References

15 The material culture of the modern era in the ancient Orient: suggestions for future work
Philip L.Kohl

References

16 Culture, identity and world process
Jonathan Friedman

Crisis and the structure of civilized identity
Fragmentation of the world system and the formation of cultural identity
Culture, in and out of the system
Culture and the global system
References

17 The archaeology of colonialism and constituting the African peasantry
Michael Rowlands

Introduction
The concept of Africa
Colonial representations
The archaeology of precolonial 19th-century Bamenda
Chiefdoms, states and the regional system
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References

18 Resistance to Western domination: the case of Andean cultures
Pedro Portugal

19 The development of an urban working-class culture on the Rhodesian Copperbelt
Owen B.Sichone

Introduction
Tribesmen, to wnsmen and peasants
The process of urbanization
The making of the urban culture
Conclusion
References

20 Class formation in precolonial Nigeria: the case of Eastern and Western Nigeria and the Middle Belt
Gloria Thomas-Emeagwali

Theoretical considerations on the question of class formation
Surplus production
Manifestations of the natural and technical divisions of labour
The appropriation of surplus
Other levels of socio-economic organization
Slavery
Aspects of accumulation
Conclusion
Notes
References

21 Violence and consent in a peasant society
B.K.Jahangir

Introduction
Class situation
Imposition of military society
Militarism: national and international class structures
National security: hegemony crisis
Class project and political project
Conclusion

Archaeological Approaches to Technology

Libro de Heather M. L. MILLER (2007)

Contenido:

1 Introduction: Archaeological Approaches to Technology
Terminology
Archaeology and Technology Studies
Overview of Volume

2 Methodology: Archaeological Approaches to the Study of Technology
Archaeological Field Techniques: Discovery/Recovery
The Examination of Archaeological Remains
Ordering and Analyzing Data
Analogy and Sociocultural Interpretation

3 Extractive-Reductive Crafts
Classification of Crafts
Stone/Lithics
Fibers: Cordage, Basketry, Textiles
Wood, Bone, and Other Sculpted Organics (Antler, Horn, Ivory, Shell)

4 Transformative Crafts
Fired Clay
Vitreous Silicates: Glazes, Faiences and Glass
Metals: Copper and Iron

5 Thematic Studies in Technology
Technological Systems: Reed Boat Production and Use
Innovation and the Organization of Labor
Technological Style

6 Thematic Studies in Technology (Continued)
Value, Status, and Social Relations: The Role of New Artificial Materials in the Indus Valley Tradition
Technologies of Religious Ritual in the American Southwest

7 The Analysis of Multiple Technologies
Cross-Craft Perspectives
Technological Style and Cross-Craft Interactions

Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt

Enciclopedia editada por Kathryn A.Bard (1999, versión digital 2005)

Contenido:

Overview essays:
Introduction
Paleolithic cultures
Epi-paleolithic cultures
Neolithic cultures
Predynastic period
Early Dynastic period
Old Kingdom
First Intermediate Period
Middle Kingdom
Second Intermediate Period
New Kingdom
Third Intermediate Period
Late and Ptolemaic periods
Roman period

Entries A-Z

Glossary

Dental Perspectives on Human Evolution:

State of the Art Research in Dental Paleoanthropology

Libro editado por Shara E. Bailey e Jean-Jacques Hublin (2007)

Contenido:

Introduction
by S. Hillson

PART I. DENTAL EVOLUTION AND DENTAL MORPHOLOGY

1. Introduction
S.E. Bailey

2. Patterns of molar variation in great apes and their implications for hominin taxonomy
V. Pilbrow

3. Trends in postcanine occlusal morphology within the hominin clade: The case of Paranthropus
S.E. Bailey and B.A. Wood

4. Maxillary molars cusp morphology of South African australopithecines
J. Moggi-Cecchi and S. Boccone

5. Gran Dolina-TD6 and Sima de los Huesos dental samples: Preliminary approach to some dental characters of interest for phylogenetic studies
M. Martinón-Torres, J.M. Bermúdez de Castro, A. Gómez-Robles, M. Bastir, S. Sarmiento, A. Muela, and J.L. Arsuaga

6. Neural network analysis by using the Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) applied to human fossil dental morphology: A new methodology
F. Manni, R. Vargiu, and A. Coppa

7. Micro-computed tomography of primate molars: Methodological aspects of three-dimensional data collection
A.J. Olejniczak, F.E. Grine, and L.B. Martin

8. HRXCT analysis of hominoid molars: A quantitative volumetric analysis and 3D reconstruction of coronal enamel and dentin
D.G. Gantt, J. Kappelman, and R.A. Ketcham

PART II. DENTAL MICROSTRUCTURE AND LIFE HISTORY

1. Introduction
R. Macchiarelli and S.E. Bailey

2. Inferring primate growth, development and life history from dental microstructure: The case of the extinct Malagasy lemur, Megaladapis
G.T. Schwartz, L.R. Godfrey, and P. Mahoney

3. Histological study of an upper incisor and molar of a bonobo (Pan paniscus) individual
F. Ramirez Rozzi and R.S. Lacruz

4. New perspectives on chimpanzee and human molar crown development
T.M. Smith, D.J. Reid, M.C. Dean, A.J. Olejniczak, R.J. Ferrell, and L.B. Martin

5. Portable confocal scanning optical microscopy of Australopithecus africanus enamel structure
T.G. Bromage, R.S. Lacruz, A. Perez-Ochoa, and A. Boyde

6. Imbricational enamel formation in Neandertals and recent modern humans
D. Guatelli-Steinberg, D.J. Reid, T.A. Bishop, and C. Spencer Larsen

PART III. DENTAL DEVELOPMENT

1. Introduction
B.A. Wood

2. Of mice and monkeys: Quantitative genetic analyses of size variation along the dental arcade
L.J. Hlusko and M.C. Mahaney

3. Quantifying variation in human dental development sequences: An EVO-DEVO perspective
J. Braga and Y. Heuze

4. Dental calcification stages of the permanent M1 and M2 in U.S. children of African-American and European-American ancestry born in the 1990s
J. Monge, A. Mann, A. Stout, J. Rogér, and R. Wadenya

5. A computerized model for reconstruction of dental ontogeny: A new tool for studying evolutionary trends in the dentition
P. Smith, R. Müller, Y. Gabet, and G. Avishai

PART IV. DENTITION AND DIET

1. Introduction
F.E. Grine

2. An evaluation of changes in strontium/calcium ratios across the neonatal line in human deciduous teeth
L.T. Humphrey, M.C. Dean, and T.E. Jeffries

3. Dental topography and human evolution with comments on the diets of Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus
P.S. Ungar

4. Dental microwear and paleoanthropology: Cautions and possibilities
M.F. Teaford

5. Tooth wear and diversity in early hominid molars: A case study
L. Ulhaas, O. Kullmer, and F. Schrenk

6. 3-D interferometric microscopy applied to the study of buccal enamel microwear
F. Estebaranz, J. Galbany, L.M. Martínez, and A. Pérez-Pérez

ARCHAEOLOGY AND FOLKLORE

Libro editado por Amy Gazin-Schwartz and Cornelius Holtorf (1999)

Contenido:

Part I: Archaeology and folklore studies

1 ‘As long as ever I’ve known it…’: on folklore and archaeology
Amy Gazin-Schwartz and Cornelius Holtorf

Constructing the past in folklore and archaeology
Definitions
Historical perspectives
Defining new fields: folklore and archaeology in the nineteenth century
Folklore and archaeology in the twentieth century
Folklore as a source for the study of (pre-)history: problems of reliability
Folklore as relic
Folklore as invention
Accuracy and interpretation
Folklore as another way of understanding time and ancient monuments
Folklore and the politics of archaeology
Collective identity
Multiple pasts
The folklore of archaeology
Conclusion

2 Folklore and world view
Robert Layton

Introduction
Time and ‘the other’
Translating folklore
Archaeology and folklore

3 Focusing on time: disciplining archaeology in Sweden
Mats Burström

Introduction
Pre-modern archaeology
Disciplining archaeology
Focusing on time
Disregarding folklore
Focusing on meaning

4 Back to the future: resonances of the past in myth and material culture
Miranda J.Green

When pasts collide
Medieval myth and the archaeology of pre-Christian paganism
Ancestral voices: medieval storytellers and ancient survivals
Conclusion: corridors of time

5 Of thunderbirds, water spirits and chiefs’ daughters: contextualising archaeology and Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) oral traditions
John Staeck

Introduction
Oral traditions as a corpus of data
Connecting social structure, oral traditions and archaeology
Results
Matricentred behaviour
Hierarchical behaviour
A structural caveat?
Conclusions

6 Feminism, paganism, pluralism
Lynn Meskell

Feminist forays
Visions of Çatalhöyük

7 Apocalypse past/future: archaeology and folklore, writ large
Kathryn E.L.Denning

The millennium cometh
Apocalypse
Popular archaeology, revelation and eschaton
Apocalypses within social history
Archaeology and apocalypse: adapting the formula and changing the ending
Conclusion

8 Songs remembered in exile? Integrating unsung archives of Highland life
James Symonds

The fairy-egg, and what became of it
The rise and fall of anthropological folklore
Landscapes, things, oral tradition and historical archaeology
Tir a’ Mhurain—Land of bent grass
Oral history and the problem of objectivity
Songs for everyday life?
Sun-wise motion
Technologies for remembering
Reintegrating folklore: towards a historical ethnography?

9 Of ‘The Green Man’ and ‘little green men’
John Collis

Folklore and popular culture
Equality of treatment
Levels of incorporation
Archaeologists in society

Part II: Interpreting monuments in archaeology and popular culture

10 Integrating the past: folklore, mounds and people at Çatalhöyük
David Shankland

Background and aims
Çatalhöyük and Küçükköy
The village and the remains of the past
Protecting the heritage
Those who are closer to God
Variations in belief and practice
Conclusion

11 On the folklore of the Externsteine—or a centre for Germanomaniacs
Martin Schmidt and Uta Halle

The history of research at the Externsteine
From 1945 to the present
Ordinary tourism
Neo-pagans
Neo-Nazi groups
Other esoteric groups
Pseudo-scientific groups
Conclusion

12 The continuing reinvention of the Etruscan myth
Diura Thoden van Velzen

Introduction
The dawn of the Renaissance Etruscan revival
The political dimension
The Etruscans in the oral tradition of the lower classes
Popular perceptions of the Etruscans from the Renaissance to modern times
Modern Etruscan myths: the tales that justify tomb robbing
The general public and the Etruscans: mystery and identity
Conclusion

13 Naming the places, naming the stones
Sara Champion and Gabriel Cooney

Introduction
Naming the places
Removing the stones, changing meanings
Same places, different stories
From megalith to non-place
Speaking from the hills

14 Clearance cairns: the farmers’ and the archaeologists’ views
Ingunn Holm

The antiquities
The tradition
The cairn fields and their popular interpretation
The archaeologist, the tradition and the local population

15 Coming to terms with local approaches to Sardinia’s nuraghi
Emma Blake

The local life of the nuraghi
The archaeological and the local: separate but equal?
Introducing a Pragmatist archaeology
Learning from the local

16 Archaeology as folklore: the literary construction of the megalith Pentre Ifan in west Wales
Julia Murphy

Early interpretations
Twentieth-century writings
Breaking with tradition
Conclusion

17 The last refuge of the faeries: archaeology and folklore in East Sussex
Martin Brown and Pat Bowen

Setting the ground
The landscape
Presenting pasts
Inner journeys, inner values
Experiencing space