The Bioarchaeology of Inca Imperialism in the Heartland: An Analysis of Prehistoric Burials from the Cuzco Region of Peru

Tesis de doctorado de Valerie Anne Andrushko (2007)

Contents

Chapter 1. Introduction

The Bioarchaeological Approach
The Present Study
Structure of the Dissertation

Chapter 2. Ecological and Archaeological Background of the Cuzco Region

Environment and Ecology of the Cuzco Region
Andean Chronology
The Inca Empire
Archaeology of the Cuzco Region
Pre-Ceramic Period (9000 to 1800 BC)
Initial Period/Early Horizon/Early Intermediate Period (1800 BC to AD 700)
Middle Horizon (AD 700 - 1000)
Late Intermediate Period (AD 1000-1400)
Inca Imperial Period/Late Horizon (AD 1400-1532)
Osteological Studies in the Cuzco Region

Chapter 3. The Bioarchaeology of Inca Imperialism: Theoretical Considerations and Hypotheses

Empires - Theoretical Considerations
Biological Consequences of Empires
Skeletal Indications of Imperial Consequences
Health and Disease
Trauma
Ethnic Identity and Migration
Cranial Vault Modification
Bone Chemistry
Research Questions and Hypotheses

Chapter 4. Materials and Methods

The Sample
Accumulation of Study Sample- Research Design
Sampling Strategy
Sampling Challenges
Site Description- Core Sites
Site Description- Peripheral Sites
Methods of Data Collection
Age Assessment
Sex Determination
Analysis of Health Indicators
Trauma
Analysis of Commingled Remains
Cultural Modification
Strontium Isotope Analysis

Chapter 5. Demography

Paleodemographic Analysis
Limits to Demographic Interpretation
Results of Demographic Analysis
Sex Distribution
Age Distribution
Discussion
Implications of Differential Age Distributions
Implications of Differential Sex Distributions
Case Study: Sacsahuaman
Conclusions

Chapter 6. Health, Occupational Stress, and Trauma

Non-Specific Stress Indicators
Linear Enamel Hypoplasias
Cranial Porosities
Osteoperiostitis
Stunted Femoral Growth
Discussion of Non-Specific Stress Indicators
Joint Disease
Appendicular Joint Disease
Spinal Joint Disease
Discussion of Joint Disease
Trauma
Cranial Trauma
Postcranial Trauma
Discussion of Trauma
Conclusion

Chapter 7. Trepanation in the Cuzco Region

Introduction
Previous Trepanation Analyses in the Cuzco Region
Results
Shape, Size, and Location
Trepanation Methods
Healing, Infection, and Trauma
Demography
Geographic and Temporal Distributions
Discussion
Trepanation and Medical Treatment in Prehistoric Cuzco
Motivations for Trepanation
Conclusion

Chapter 8. Chokepukio Strontium Isotope Analysis

Strontium Isotope Analysis in the Andes
Results
Possible Influence of Food Importation and Preparation
Discussion
Implications of Pre-Late Horizon Results
State-Directed Migration in the Late Horizon
Sex Differences among Chokepukio Migrants
Conclusions

Chapter 9. Cranial Vault Modification

Cranial Vault Modification in the Andes
Results
Discussion
Conclusion

Chapter 10. Summary and Conclusion

Summary of Results
Demography
Health, Trauma, and Occupational Stress
Trepanation
Strontium Isotope Analysis
Cranial Modification
Research Hypotheses and Results

The Origins of War

Violence in Prehistory

Libro de Jean Guilaine and Jean Zammit (edición en inglés de 2001)
Traducido por Melanie Hersey

Contenido:

Introduction 1
Bloodshed at the Beginning of History 1
War: An Ongoing Feature of Literature and Religion 5
Archeology: Tracking Down History 7
War in Prehistory: From the Garrigues of Languedoc to
the Temples of Malta 9
Corsica: Conquered and Reconquered 11
Violence and Aggression Before Humans 16
Warfare: Nature or Culture? 19
Exchange or Battle? 23
Was there a Paleolithic “War”? 24
Ritual Warfare and War between “Great Men” 27
Prehistoric Man: Neither Brutish Nor Docile 29
The Issue of Sacrifice 33
Is Prehistoric Violence “Readable”? 36

1 Violence in Hunter-Gatherer Society 40
Neanderthal Man and Cannibalism 41
Prehistoric Cannibalism 45
Suspicious Disappearances in Charente (France) 47
Cain’s Predecessors 49
Violence in the Artwork of the Quaternary Era 52
Sicily: Torture in 10,000 bce? 56
From the Throwing-Stick to the Bow and Arrow 61
The First Bows 63
Conflict in Sudan 67
Coveted Land 72
Conflict during the Mesolithic 75
The Enemy: Mutilated and Tortured 78

2 Agriculture: A Calming or
Aggravating Influence? 82
The Neolithic in Europe: A Peaceful or Dangerous Conquest? 83
The Talheim Massacre 86
Disturbances during the Neolithic 91
Fontbregoua (France): Another Case of Cannibalism? 95
Cannibalistic Farmers? 98
Neolithic Art, a Medium of Violence? 101
Battle Scenes in the Sierras of the Spanish Levant 103
Injuries and Capital Executions 111
Causes for Quarrel 115
Hunters and/or Farmers in Confrontation 119
The Strong and the Weak 122

3 Humans as Targets: 4,000 to 8,000
Years Ago 124
The Contrasting Geography of Violence 124
A Progressive Intensification of Conflict? 127
War upon the Plateaus of Southern France? 130
The Difficulties of Making an Assessment 133
Effective Weapons of Death 135
Injury and Trepanation 143
Did Collective Burial Sites Sometimes Serve as
Communal Graves? 146
Lessons from the San Juan Ante Portam Latinam Burial
Site (Alava, Spain) 152
Ballistic Accuracy 154
vi Contents

4 The Warrior: An Ideological
Construction 158
The Importance of the Male 159
Accompanying a Man in Death 162
A Full Quiver: For Hunting, for Fighting, or for Show 167
Arrows and Jewels: Masculine/Feminine 171
Menhir-Statues: The First Armed Steles 173
From Mount Bego to the Italian Alps 180
Masculinity/Femininity: Reversing the Symbols 185
Open Villages and Fortified Settlements 188
Proto-Warriors of the West 192

5 The Concept of the Hero Emerges 195
Weapons and their Significance 197
The Warrior Becomes a Feature of Barbarian Europe 199
The Sword: King of Weapons 202
Ramparts, Forts, and Citadels 206
The East: Chariots in Battle 208
The Development of a Cavalry 215
Tracing the Footsteps of Heroes 217
Steles: Marking Combatants for Posterity 220
Multiple Sacrifices 223
Mutilated Bodies Preserved in Peat Bogs 228

Conclusion 233

Appendices

1: Evidence of Arrow-Inflicted Injuries from the Neolithic
Age in France 241

2: Chronological Distribution of the 44 Confirmed Sites 250

Notes 252

Bibliography 257

Bioarchaeology

The Contextual Analysis
of Human Remains



Libro editado por Buikstra y Beck (2006)

Section I People and Projects: Early Landmarks in American Bioarchaeology

Introduction
Chapter 1
A Historical Introduction
Buikstra
Chapter 2
The Old Physical Anthropology and the New World: A Look at the Accomplishments of an antiquated Paradigm
Collins Cook
Chapter 3
The Changing Role of Skeletal Biology at the Smithsonian
Ubelaker
Chapter 4
Kidder, Hooton, Pecos, and the Birth of Bioarchaeology
Beck
Chapter 5
Hemenway, Hrdliˇcka, and Hawikku: A Historical Perspective on Bioarchaeological Research in the American Southwest
Rakita
Chapter 6
A New Deal for Human Osteology
Milner y Jacobi
Chapter 7
Invisible Hands: Women in Bioarchaeology
Powell, Collins Cook, Bogdan, Buikstra, Castro, Horne, Hunt, Koritzer, Ferraz Mendonça de Souza, Sandford, Saunders, Malerba Sene, Sullivan y Swetnam

Section II Emerging Specialties

Introduction
Chapter 8
Behavior and the Bones
Pearson y Buikstra
Chapter 9
A Brief History of Paleodemography from Hooton to Hazards Analysis
Frankenberg y Konigsberg
Chapter 10
A Post-Neumann History of Biological and Genetic Distance Studies in Bioarchaeology
Konigsberg
Chapter 11
The Evolution of American Paleopathology
Collins Cook y Powell
Chapter 12
The Dentist and the Archeologist: The Role of Dental Anthropology in North American Bioarcheology
Rose y Burke

Section III On to the 21st Century

Introduction
Chapter 13
The Changing Face of Bioarchaeology: An Interdisciplinary Science
Spencer Larsen
Chapter 14
Mortuary Analysis and Bioarchaeology
Goldstein
Chapter 15
Repatriation and Bioarchaeology: Challenges and Opportunities
Buikstra
Chapter 16
A View from Afar: Bioarchaeology in Britain
Roberts