Violence in Prehistory
Libro de Jean Guilaine and Jean Zammit (edición en inglés de 2001)
Traducido por Melanie Hersey
Contenido:
Introduction 1
Bloodshed at the Beginning of History 1
War: An Ongoing Feature of Literature and Religion 5
Archeology: Tracking Down History 7
War in Prehistory: From the Garrigues of Languedoc to
the Temples of Malta 9
Corsica: Conquered and Reconquered 11
Violence and Aggression Before Humans 16
Warfare: Nature or Culture? 19
Exchange or Battle? 23
Was there a Paleolithic “War”? 24
Ritual Warfare and War between “Great Men” 27
Prehistoric Man: Neither Brutish Nor Docile 29
The Issue of Sacrifice 33
Is Prehistoric Violence “Readable”? 36
1 Violence in Hunter-Gatherer Society 40
Neanderthal Man and Cannibalism 41
Prehistoric Cannibalism 45
Suspicious Disappearances in Charente (France) 47
Cain’s Predecessors 49
Violence in the Artwork of the Quaternary Era 52
Sicily: Torture in 10,000 bce? 56
From the Throwing-Stick to the Bow and Arrow 61
The First Bows 63
Conflict in Sudan 67
Coveted Land 72
Conflict during the Mesolithic 75
The Enemy: Mutilated and Tortured 78
2 Agriculture: A Calming or
Aggravating Influence? 82
The Neolithic in Europe: A Peaceful or Dangerous Conquest? 83
The Talheim Massacre 86
Disturbances during the Neolithic 91
Fontbregoua (France): Another Case of Cannibalism? 95
Cannibalistic Farmers? 98
Neolithic Art, a Medium of Violence? 101
Battle Scenes in the Sierras of the Spanish Levant 103
Injuries and Capital Executions 111
Causes for Quarrel 115
Hunters and/or Farmers in Confrontation 119
The Strong and the Weak 122
3 Humans as Targets: 4,000 to 8,000
Years Ago 124
The Contrasting Geography of Violence 124
A Progressive Intensification of Conflict? 127
War upon the Plateaus of Southern France? 130
The Difficulties of Making an Assessment 133
Effective Weapons of Death 135
Injury and Trepanation 143
Did Collective Burial Sites Sometimes Serve as
Communal Graves? 146
Lessons from the San Juan Ante Portam Latinam Burial
Site (Alava, Spain) 152
Ballistic Accuracy 154
vi Contents
4 The Warrior: An Ideological
Construction 158
The Importance of the Male 159
Accompanying a Man in Death 162
A Full Quiver: For Hunting, for Fighting, or for Show 167
Arrows and Jewels: Masculine/Feminine 171
Menhir-Statues: The First Armed Steles 173
From Mount Bego to the Italian Alps 180
Masculinity/Femininity: Reversing the Symbols 185
Open Villages and Fortified Settlements 188
Proto-Warriors of the West 192
5 The Concept of the Hero Emerges 195
Weapons and their Significance 197
The Warrior Becomes a Feature of Barbarian Europe 199
The Sword: King of Weapons 202
Ramparts, Forts, and Citadels 206
The East: Chariots in Battle 208
The Development of a Cavalry 215
Tracing the Footsteps of Heroes 217
Steles: Marking Combatants for Posterity 220
Multiple Sacrifices 223
Mutilated Bodies Preserved in Peat Bogs 228
Conclusion 233
Appendices
1: Evidence of Arrow-Inflicted Injuries from the Neolithic
Age in France 241
2: Chronological Distribution of the 44 Confirmed Sites 250
Notes 252
Bibliography 257
Traducido por Melanie Hersey
Contenido:
Introduction 1
Bloodshed at the Beginning of History 1
War: An Ongoing Feature of Literature and Religion 5
Archeology: Tracking Down History 7
War in Prehistory: From the Garrigues of Languedoc to
the Temples of Malta 9
Corsica: Conquered and Reconquered 11
Violence and Aggression Before Humans 16
Warfare: Nature or Culture? 19
Exchange or Battle? 23
Was there a Paleolithic “War”? 24
Ritual Warfare and War between “Great Men” 27
Prehistoric Man: Neither Brutish Nor Docile 29
The Issue of Sacrifice 33
Is Prehistoric Violence “Readable”? 36
1 Violence in Hunter-Gatherer Society 40
Neanderthal Man and Cannibalism 41
Prehistoric Cannibalism 45
Suspicious Disappearances in Charente (France) 47
Cain’s Predecessors 49
Violence in the Artwork of the Quaternary Era 52
Sicily: Torture in 10,000 bce? 56
From the Throwing-Stick to the Bow and Arrow 61
The First Bows 63
Conflict in Sudan 67
Coveted Land 72
Conflict during the Mesolithic 75
The Enemy: Mutilated and Tortured 78
2 Agriculture: A Calming or
Aggravating Influence? 82
The Neolithic in Europe: A Peaceful or Dangerous Conquest? 83
The Talheim Massacre 86
Disturbances during the Neolithic 91
Fontbregoua (France): Another Case of Cannibalism? 95
Cannibalistic Farmers? 98
Neolithic Art, a Medium of Violence? 101
Battle Scenes in the Sierras of the Spanish Levant 103
Injuries and Capital Executions 111
Causes for Quarrel 115
Hunters and/or Farmers in Confrontation 119
The Strong and the Weak 122
3 Humans as Targets: 4,000 to 8,000
Years Ago 124
The Contrasting Geography of Violence 124
A Progressive Intensification of Conflict? 127
War upon the Plateaus of Southern France? 130
The Difficulties of Making an Assessment 133
Effective Weapons of Death 135
Injury and Trepanation 143
Did Collective Burial Sites Sometimes Serve as
Communal Graves? 146
Lessons from the San Juan Ante Portam Latinam Burial
Site (Alava, Spain) 152
Ballistic Accuracy 154
vi Contents
4 The Warrior: An Ideological
Construction 158
The Importance of the Male 159
Accompanying a Man in Death 162
A Full Quiver: For Hunting, for Fighting, or for Show 167
Arrows and Jewels: Masculine/Feminine 171
Menhir-Statues: The First Armed Steles 173
From Mount Bego to the Italian Alps 180
Masculinity/Femininity: Reversing the Symbols 185
Open Villages and Fortified Settlements 188
Proto-Warriors of the West 192
5 The Concept of the Hero Emerges 195
Weapons and their Significance 197
The Warrior Becomes a Feature of Barbarian Europe 199
The Sword: King of Weapons 202
Ramparts, Forts, and Citadels 206
The East: Chariots in Battle 208
The Development of a Cavalry 215
Tracing the Footsteps of Heroes 217
Steles: Marking Combatants for Posterity 220
Multiple Sacrifices 223
Mutilated Bodies Preserved in Peat Bogs 228
Conclusion 233
Appendices
1: Evidence of Arrow-Inflicted Injuries from the Neolithic
Age in France 241
2: Chronological Distribution of the 44 Confirmed Sites 250
Notes 252
Bibliography 257
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