FORENSIC RECOVERY OF HUMAN REMAINS

ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPROACHES





Libro editado por Tosha L. Dupras, John J. Schultz, Sandra M. Wheeler y Lana J. Williams en 2006


Chapter 1 An Introduction to Forensic Anthropology and Forensic archaeology
1.1 What Do Forensic Anthropologists Do?
1.2 What Do Forensic Archaeologists Do?
1.3 Where Are Forensic Anthropologists and Forensic Archaeologists Employed?
1.4 How to Find a Forensic Anthropologist for Forensic Archaeologist
1.4.1 American Academy of Forensic Sciences
1.4.2 American Board of Forensic Anthropology

Chapter 2 Tools and Equipment
2.1 Search and Site Preparation Equipment
2.2 Field Excavation Equipment
2.3 Mapping and Measuring Equipment
2.4 Drawing and Recording Equipment
2.5 Optional Equipment

Chapter 3 Search Techniques Used in Locating Human Remains
3.1 Types of Search Areas
3.2 Planning the Search
3.2.1 Visual Foot Searches
3.2.1.1 Strip or Line Search
3.2.1.2 Grid Search
3.2.1.3 Circular Pattern
3.3 Other Recommendations for Visual Searches
3.4 Briefing Team Members Prior to a Search
3.5 Indicators to Look for When Searching for Burials and Surface Remains
3.5.1 Locating Surface Scatters
3.5.2 Locating Disarticulated and Dispersed Remains
3.5.2.1 Common Taphonomic Processes That Disarticulate and Disperse Skeletal Remains
3.5.2.2 Weathering
3.5.2.3 Carnivore Activity
3.5.2.4 Rodent Gnawing
3.5.2.5 Botanical Activity
3.5.2.6 Additional Taphonomic Processes That Can Damage Bone
3.5.3 Locating Burials
3.6 Cadaver Dogs
3.6.1 What Is a Cadaver Dog?
3.6.2 Limitations of Cadaver Dogs
3.6.3 Finding a Cadaver Dog
3.7 Intrusive Search Methods
3.7.1 Probe Searches
3.7.2 Disadvantages of Using Probe Searches
3.8 Shovel Testing and Shovel Shining
3.9 Forensic Backhoe

Chapter 4 GPR and Other Geophysical Search Technologies
4.1 Ground-Penetrating Radar
4.1.1 GPR Equipment
4.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of GPR
4.2 Conductivity Meters
4.3 Resistivity Meters
4.4 Magnetometers
4.5 Metal Detectors
4.6 Magnetic Locators
4.7 Side-Scan Sonar
4.8 How to Find a Consultant for a Geophysical Survey

Chapter 5 The Collection of Botanical and Entomological Evidence
5.1 Forensic Botany
5.1.1 Collection Procedures for Botanical Evidence
5.1.2 How to Find a Forensic Botanist
5.2 Forensic Entomology
5.2.1 Insect Life Cycle
5.2.2 Collection Procedures for Entomological Evidence
5.2.3 Collecting Climatological and Temperature Data
5.2.4 Collection of Specimens before Body Removal
5.2.4.1 Collection of Fast Flying and Crawling Insects
5.2.4.2 Collection of Insects on the Body
5.2.4.3 Collection of Insects That Have Migrated from the Body
5.2.5 Collection of Specimens after Body Removal
5.2.6 How to Find a Forensic Entomologist

Chapter 6 Survey and Mapping Techniques
6.1 Scales for Recording Data
6.2 Accuracy in Recording Data
6.3 Transit Survey Systems
6.3.1 Datum Points and Benchmarks
6.4 Compass Survey
6.5 Selecting a Framework for Mapping
6.5.1 Setting Limits and Datum for Mapping
6.5.2 Control-Point Mapping
6.5.3 Grid-System Mapping
6.5.4 Sectional Drawings from Mapped Data
6.5.5 Mapping on a Slope
6.5.6 Records of Recovery
6.6 Global Positioning Systems
6.7 Photograph and Map Resources

Chapter 7 The Application of Forensic Archaeology to Crime Scene Investigations
7.1 General Principles of Archaeology
7.1.1 Provenience and Context
7.1.2 Features
7.1.3 Stratigraphy
7.1.4 Superposition and Relative Dating
7.1.5 Geotaphonomy
7.1.5.1 Tool Marks
7.1.5.2 Bioturbation
7.1.5.3 Sedimentation
7.1.5.4 Compaction and Depression
7.2 Process of Burial
7.3 Description of Burials
7.3.1 Surface Deposit
7.3.2 Primary Burials
7.3.3 Disturbed Burials
7.3.4 Secondary Burials
7.3.5 Multiple Burials
7.3.6 Cremations or Thermal Damage to Skeletal Remains
7.4 Position and Orientation of the Body
7.5 Archaeological Approaches to Recovering Human Remains
7.5.1 Removing Surface Remains and Associated Evidence
7.5.1.1 Step #1—Examining the Recovery Area and Establishing Spatial Controls
7.5.1.2 Step #2—Exposing and Recording the Main Surface Site
7.5.1.3 Step #3—Removing Surface Remains
7.5.2 Removing Buried Remains and Associated Evidence
7.5.2.1 Step #1—Examining the Recovery Area and Establishing Spatial Controls
7.5.2.2 Step #2—Identifying and Examining the Burial Cut
7.5.2.3 Step #3—Excavating the Burial Feature
7.5.2.4 Step #4—Exposing the Remains
7.5.2.5 Step #5—Removing the Remains
7.5.2.6 Step #6—Excavating the Burial Cut
7.6 Packaging and Storage of Human Skeletal Remains
7.7 Recovery of Fleshed Remains
7.8 Recovery of Juvenile Remains
7.9 Recovery of Burnt Remains

Chapter 8 Forensic Archaeological Case Study

Chapter 9 Identification of Human Remains
9.1 Typical Skeletal Terminology Used in Forensic Reports
9.1.1 Terminology Associated with the Gross Morphology of Bone
9.1.2 Terminology Associated with Bone Features
9.1.3 Terminology Associated with Skeletal Direction
9.2 Basic Adult Human Skeletal Biology
9.3 The Subadult Skeleton
9.4 Human Dentition
9.4.1 Terminology Associated with the Human Dentition
9.4.2 Dental Numbering Systems

Chapter 10 Distinguishing Nonhuman Skeletal Remains
10.1 Distinguishing Humans from Other Mammals
10.2 The Bird Skeleton
10.3 The Reptilian Skeleton
10.4 The Amphibian Skeleton
10.5 The Fish Skeleton
10.6 Nonhuman Animal Bones Commonly Confused with Human Bones

Appendix 1: Basic Equipment Checklist
Appendix 2: Entomology Kit Checklist
Appendix 3: Entomology Notation and Collection Checklist
Appendix 4: Entomology Specimen Log Sheet
Appendix 5: Entomology Data Form (After Byrd, 2001)
Appendix 6: Entomological Preservation Solutions (Terrestrial)
Appendix 7: Measurement Equivalents and Conversion Factors
Appendix 8: Hypotenuse Table for Constructing Grids
Appendix 9: Adult Skeletal Inventory Form
Appendix 10: Adult Skeleton Inventory Image
Appendix 11: Juvenile Skeleton Inventory Image