ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Libro de Zvi Goffer (2007)

Indice

1. MINERALS: Rock and Stone: Pigments, Abrasives, and Gemstones
1.1 The Chemical Elements
1.2 Minerals and Mineraloids
1.3 Rock and Stone
1.4 Study of Archaeological Stone
1.5 Chemical Analysis of Archaeological Materials

Isotopes in Archaeology
1.6 Provenance of Archaeological Materials
1.7 Chronology of Archaeological Materials
Potassium–Argon Dating
Argon–Argon Dating
Archaeologically Related Rock and Stone
1.8 Pigments
White Pigments
Black Pigments
Red Pigments
Yellow Pigments
Green Pigments
Blue Pigments
1.9 Abrasives
1.10 Gemstones
Cutting and Polishing Gemstones
Some Archaeological Gemstones

2. LITHICS: Flint and Obsidian
2.1 Quartz and Flint
2.2 Obsidian
Dating Obsidian
2.3 Use Wear Analysis

3. SAND: Glass, Glaze, and Enamel
3.1 Glass, Glaze, and Enamel
3.2 Glass
Soda Glass
Sodalime Glass
Potash Glass
Lead Glass
Colored Glass
Opaque Glass
3.3 Glassmaking
3.4 Ancient Glass Studies
Some Special Types of Ancient Glass
The Provenance of Glass
3.5 The Decay of Glass

4. SECONDARY ROCKS: Building Stone, Brick, Cement, and Mortar
4.1 Building Stone
Gypsum and Alabaster
Limestone and Marble
4.2 Cement
Mud
Bitumen
Lime and Gypsum Cements
4.3 Study of Ancient Cements

5. ORES: Metals and Alloys
5.1 Native Metals
5.2 Metalliferous Ores
5.3 Mining
5.4 Ore Dressing
5.5 Smelting
Smelting Fuel and Metal Reduction
5.6 Metal Refining
5.7 Alloys
5.8 The Metals and Alloys of Antiquity
Copper
Iron
Gold
Silver
Lead
Tin
Zinc
Mercury
Platinum
5.9 Deterioration of Metals and Alloys – Corrosion
Corrosion of Ancient Metals and Alloys
5.10 Studies on Archaeological Metals and Alloys
Ancient Metallurgy
Arsenical Copper
Damascus Steel
Granulation and Filigree
Coins

6. SEDIMENTS AND SOILS
6.1 Sediments, Oxygen Isotopes, and Ancient Temperatures
6.2 Soil
Composition and Properties of Soils
Archaeological Soils

7. CLAY: Pottery and Other Ceramic Materials
7.1 Primary Clay
7.2 Secondary Clay
7.3 Clay and Ceramic Materials
7.4 Ceramic Materials
Preceramics
Components of Ceramic Materials
7.5 Making Ceramics
Pottery Kilns
The Color of Fired Pottery
Glazing
7.6 Common Ceramic Materials
Terracotta
Earthenware
Stoneware
Porcelain
7.7 Study of Ancient Pottery
Attic Vase Painting
Coral Red Attic Pottery
Manganese Black Decoration
Islamic Stone-Paste
Egyptian Faience
Firing Conditions of Ancient Pottery
The Provenance of Pottery
Dating Pottery

8. THE BIOSPHERE: Organic and Biological Substances
8.1 Living Organisms and Cells
8.2 Biological Matter: Organic and Bioinorganic Substances
Organic Substances
Bioinorganic Substances
8.3 Ancient Biological Materials
8.4 Dating Organic Materials
Radiocarbon Dating

9. CARBOHYDRATES: Wood, Gums, and Resins
9.1 Wood
The Nature of Wood
The Composition and Physical Properties of Wood
Dendrochronology and Dendroclimatology
Dead Wood
Burned Wood
Archaeological Wood
9.2 Gums
9.3 Resins
Lacquers
Incense
9.4 Carbohydrates, Isotopes, and Study of Ancient Diets

10. LIPIDS: Oils, Fats, and Waxes; Soap
10.1 Oils, Fats, and Waxes
Oils
Fats
Waxes
10.2 Ancient Oils, Fats, and Waxes
10.3

11. PROTEINS: Skin, Leather, and Glue
11.1 Animal Skin
Skin and Hide
Fur
Parchment and Vellum
11.2 Leather
Tanning
Aftertanning Processes; Finishing
11.3 Glue
11.4 Dating Ancient Proteins – Amino Acid Racemization Dating

12. THE NUCLEIC ACIDS: Human Traits; Genetics and Evolution
12.1 DNA and RNA
DNA After Death
12.2 The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
12.3 Ancient DNA Studies

13. FIBERS: Yarn, Textiles, and Cordage; Writing Materials
13.1 Fibers, Textile, and Cordage
Vegetable Fibers
Animal Fibers
Inorganic Fibers
13.2 Archaeological Fibers and Fibrous Materials
13.3 Writing Materials
Papyrus
Paper
Nonpaper Flat Materials

14. DYES AND DYEING
14.1 Stains and Staining
14.2 The Dyeing Process
14.3 Mordants
14.4 The Nature of Dyes
14.5 Ancient Dyes
Blue Dyes
Green Dyes
Purple Dyes
Red Dyes
Yellow Dyes
14.6 Identification and Characterization of Ancient Dyes and Mordants

15. BIOINORGANIC MATERIALS: Bone, Ivory, and Shell; Phytoliths
15.1 Hard Animal Tissues
Bone
Teeth
Ivory
Horn
Antler
Shell
15.2 Archaeological Bone
Diagenesis of Buried Bone
Dating Bone
15.3 Bone, Stable Isotopes, and Ancient Diets
Nitrogen Stable Isotopes and Diet
Strontium Isotopes

16. SOME ANCIENT REMAINS: Mummies, Fossils, and Coprolites
16.1 Mummies and Mummification
Embalming
16.2 Fossils and Fossilization
16.3 Animal Excretions
Coprolites

17. THE ENVIRONMENT AND DECAY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS
17.1 Air and the Atmosphere
Composition of the Atmosphere
17.2 Water and the Hydrosphere
17.3 Pollution
Air Pollutants
Water Pollutants
17.4 The Interaction of Materials with the Environment
Temperature Effects
Sunlight
Oxygen and Ozone
Water
Air Pollutants
Soil Pollutants
17.5 Deterioration of Some Archaeological Materials
Pottery
Glass
Metals
Wood
Skin, Hide, and Leather
Fibrous Matter

18. AUTHENTICATION OF ANTIQUITIES
18.1 Technical and Scientific Methods of Authentication
Material Evidence
Scientific Examination
18.2 Some Authentication Studies
The Piltdown Man
Francis Drake’s Brass Plate
The Greek Bronze Horse from the Metropolitan
Museum
The Shroud of Turin

TEXTBOXES
1. Matter and Materials; Elements and Substances
2. The Structure of Matter: Atoms and Molecules
3. The States of Matter
4. The Properties of Matter
5. Electromagnetic Radiation; Waves
6. Atoms and Molecules; Chemical Nomenclature and Formulas
7. Mineral- and Rock-Forming Processes – Crystallization and Precipitation
8. The Composition of Materials: Major, Minor, and Trace Components
9. Analytical Chemistry
10. Physical Methods of Analysis Frequently Used in Archaeological Studies
11. Nondestructive Testing and Microanalysis
12. Isotopes
13. Radioactivity
14. Half-Life
15. Potassium–Argon and Argon–Argon Dating
16. Uranium Series Dating
17. Color and Colorants – Pigments and Dyes
18. Paint and Painting
19. Allotropes
20. Man Made Pigments: Frits and Lakes
21. The Structure of Solids: Amorphous and Crystalline Materials
22. Light: Its Nature and Properties
23. Hardness
24. Thermoluminescence and Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dating
25. The Hydration of Obsidian
26. Fission Track Dating
27. Supercooled Liquids; Glass and Vitreous Materials
28. Flux
29. Thermal Operations: Annealing, Tempering, and Sintering
30. The Isotopes of Lead
31. Cement
32. Composite Materials
33. Calcination and Roasting
34. Lime Cement; Quicklime, Slaked Lime
35. Gypsum Cement (Plaster of Paris)
36. Metals and Alloys
37. Metals Smelting and Refining
38. Shaping Materials: Cast and Wrought Objects
39. Lead Smelting
40. Zinc Smelting
41. Mercury Smelting
42. Corrosion
43. Bronze Disease
44. Metal Joining Techniques: Soldering and Welding
45. Weathering
46. Diagenesis
47. Stable Isotopes of Oxygen and Ancient Temperatures
48. Acids and Bases: The pH of Solutions
49. Refractory and Ceramic Materials
50. The Living Cell
51. Organic Substances
52. Radiocarbon Dating
53. Carbohydrates
54. Wood: Hardwoods and Softwoods
55. Adhesives; Sizes and Binders
56. Stable Carbon Isotopes and Ancient Diets
57. The Lipids
58. Polymers
59. Amino Acids, Polypeptides, and Proteins
60. The Proteins
61. Collagen
62. Tannins
63. Optical Isomers, Chirality, and Racemization
64. The Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
65. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
66. Fibers and Fibrous Materials
67. The Fluoridation of Bone
68. Imaging
69. Taphonomy
70. Atmospheric Pressure
71. Humidity
72. Water
73. Hard Water: Scale and Incrustations
74. Acid Rain
75. The Thermal Properties of Solids

Appendix I: The Chemical Elements
Appendix II: Chronometric Dating Methods: Selection Criteria
Appendix III: Symbols, Constants, Units, and Equivalencies