The Bioarchaeology of Inca Imperialism in the Heartland: An Analysis of Prehistoric Burials from the Cuzco Region of Peru

Tesis de doctorado de Valerie Anne Andrushko (2007)

Contents

Chapter 1. Introduction

The Bioarchaeological Approach
The Present Study
Structure of the Dissertation

Chapter 2. Ecological and Archaeological Background of the Cuzco Region

Environment and Ecology of the Cuzco Region
Andean Chronology
The Inca Empire
Archaeology of the Cuzco Region
Pre-Ceramic Period (9000 to 1800 BC)
Initial Period/Early Horizon/Early Intermediate Period (1800 BC to AD 700)
Middle Horizon (AD 700 - 1000)
Late Intermediate Period (AD 1000-1400)
Inca Imperial Period/Late Horizon (AD 1400-1532)
Osteological Studies in the Cuzco Region

Chapter 3. The Bioarchaeology of Inca Imperialism: Theoretical Considerations and Hypotheses

Empires - Theoretical Considerations
Biological Consequences of Empires
Skeletal Indications of Imperial Consequences
Health and Disease
Trauma
Ethnic Identity and Migration
Cranial Vault Modification
Bone Chemistry
Research Questions and Hypotheses

Chapter 4. Materials and Methods

The Sample
Accumulation of Study Sample- Research Design
Sampling Strategy
Sampling Challenges
Site Description- Core Sites
Site Description- Peripheral Sites
Methods of Data Collection
Age Assessment
Sex Determination
Analysis of Health Indicators
Trauma
Analysis of Commingled Remains
Cultural Modification
Strontium Isotope Analysis

Chapter 5. Demography

Paleodemographic Analysis
Limits to Demographic Interpretation
Results of Demographic Analysis
Sex Distribution
Age Distribution
Discussion
Implications of Differential Age Distributions
Implications of Differential Sex Distributions
Case Study: Sacsahuaman
Conclusions

Chapter 6. Health, Occupational Stress, and Trauma

Non-Specific Stress Indicators
Linear Enamel Hypoplasias
Cranial Porosities
Osteoperiostitis
Stunted Femoral Growth
Discussion of Non-Specific Stress Indicators
Joint Disease
Appendicular Joint Disease
Spinal Joint Disease
Discussion of Joint Disease
Trauma
Cranial Trauma
Postcranial Trauma
Discussion of Trauma
Conclusion

Chapter 7. Trepanation in the Cuzco Region

Introduction
Previous Trepanation Analyses in the Cuzco Region
Results
Shape, Size, and Location
Trepanation Methods
Healing, Infection, and Trauma
Demography
Geographic and Temporal Distributions
Discussion
Trepanation and Medical Treatment in Prehistoric Cuzco
Motivations for Trepanation
Conclusion

Chapter 8. Chokepukio Strontium Isotope Analysis

Strontium Isotope Analysis in the Andes
Results
Possible Influence of Food Importation and Preparation
Discussion
Implications of Pre-Late Horizon Results
State-Directed Migration in the Late Horizon
Sex Differences among Chokepukio Migrants
Conclusions

Chapter 9. Cranial Vault Modification

Cranial Vault Modification in the Andes
Results
Discussion
Conclusion

Chapter 10. Summary and Conclusion

Summary of Results
Demography
Health, Trauma, and Occupational Stress
Trepanation
Strontium Isotope Analysis
Cranial Modification
Research Hypotheses and Results